When you hear the name of the Middle East, two things come to your mind: oil or political instability and war. For the last one hundred years, the Middle East has been the victim of some kind of war or conflict, whether it is Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, or the Israel issue. Then there is the civil war in Yemen, every time something is happening in the Middle East, millions of people have been killed, trillions of dollars have been wasted, but still there is no peace anywhere in the Middle East.
Why is there so much instability and so many wars in the Middle East? The answer to this question is very complicated because the Middle East is a chessboard with many players making moves against each other.
To know the answer to this question, we have to go back almost 120 years when the borders of the Middle East were decided and this is where all these problems started.
For several hundred years, the entire Middle East was under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, from the 16th to the 17th century. This empire stretched from Hungary to Yemen. All kinds of people lived in this kingdom. Jews, Christians, Muslims, Persians, Arabs, Kurds, but then 19 The decline of the Ottoman Empire began after the century –
Dream of going to Asia
And this was the time when the British Empire was increasing its control within Asia. The British Empire started building its colonists in the Middle East to –
First, in 1820, the British Empire made an agreement with the UAE, then in 1839, with Yemen, in 1861 with Bahrain, and then in 1888 with Egypt, and took control of all these areas.
The control of Egypt and the control of the Suez Canal became in the hands of the British and it became very easy for them to bypass the Ottoman Empire and reach Asia. How dangerous could this growing influence prove to be-
That’s why the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany in World War I, which started in 1914, and that was when Britain and the French Empire decided that they had to eliminate the Ottoman Empire at all costs – the same plan. The French and the British Empire signed a secret agreement called the Sykes-Picot Agreement, according to which the entire area would come under direct British control after the end of World War I, and the area would become an independent Arab state. It will also remain under the British influence, this entire area will be under the direct control of the French Empire, this area will become an independent Arab state, but it will remain under the influence of the French Empire, this entire area will be given to the Russian Empire, and then it will be Palestine. And the entire area of Israel will be under an international administration –
State of excitement
Language and religion affinities were completely ignored when deciding these borders, and this was the mistake that the Middle East has been suffering until the age of 1917 when a declaration was made by the British government to the Jewish community in Germany. Is that in Palestine?Jeeves This declaration is called the Bell Four Declaration and this was the time when the world was looking for superpowers because after World War I everyone knew that the same rule in the 21st century. Who will have control over the oil will –
At that time, the United States was the largest oil producer and supplier in the world and 80 percent of Burton’s oil supply came from the United States, but at that time the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, was very against the concept of empires and the same thing.understand Hoy Burton did not consider America as reliable, he wanted to end his dependence on America at any cost.
Oil came out in Iran
Now oil was first discovered in Iran in 1908, but it was in very small quantity, so the British Empire was rapidly searching for more oil in this area, but this discovery would take a few more years. After World War I ended in 1919, the victorious countries met at Versailles and signed the Treaty of Versailles, which once again changed the borders of the Middle East.
Treaty of Suez
Then the following year, the Treaty of Suez was announced, literally breaking the Ottoman Empire into pieces and placing it under the control of the French and British Empires. And then finally in 1923 all these countries sat at the table with the Turkish government and as a result of this treaty the modernMiddle East The existence of the Middle Eastern Borders of Ajj is the result of this treaty, which once again ignored many ground realities-
For example, the Kurds who lived in this entire area at that time and their culture and language were very different from the Turkish people, but this entire area was divided into Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq – and the Kurds in all these countries. Became a minority, since then the Kurdish people have been running a movement for a different country for themselves.
And this whole area is suffering from a huge conflict. Likewise, in this partition, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, such as Baghdad and Basra, were included in Iraq, although the demographics of these three provinces were very different. There were Sunni Arab Muslims living in Baghdad while mostly Shiite Arab Muslims lived in Basra –
Middle for that and difficulties
Similarly, Kuwait, which was formerly a part of Iraq, was separated from Iraq and the future This was the thing that led to the Iraq-Kuwait war. Similarly, Lebanon was separated and made an independent state under French control. At that time, 80 percent Christians and only 20 percent Muslims lived in Lebanon. It was going to create problems in the same way that Damascus combined Aleppo and Deir ez-Zour with many Sunni Shia Kurds Alevi Christians and Syrians to form the country we now know as Syria –
Then in 1930, Turkey began pressuring the French Empire to annex the Syrian province of Alexandria to Turkey because it had a large Turkish community. There was a possibility that Turkey would not be reunited with Germany, so France agreed to Turkey and separated Alexandria from Syria in 1938, and then in 1939, Turkey returned the entire area to Turkey through a referendum. This area is called Antiochia, and this is what started the tension between Turkey and Syria that continues to this day.
Similarly, the main water supply of Syria and Iraq comes from the Euphrates and Daggers Rivers and these two rivers originate from Turki. –
More oil was found in the Middle East
At the same time, around late 1930, oil began to be discovered in the Arab world. In Iraq, large reserves of oil were discovered near Basra and Suwam. In these two areas, mostly Shia Arab and Shia Kurdish communities live. In 1938, eastern Saudi Arabia. Huge reserves of oil were discovered near the borders. Interestingly, Shia Muslims live in this entire area of Saudi Arabia. In 1938, huge reserves of oil were also discovered in Kuwait. These reserves were more than the entire reserve of Iraq. When it was a part of Iraq, then this point was going to be a big battleground.
Similarly, in 1956, oil reserves were discovered on the North-Eastern side of Syria, and the Kurds live in this area. 50 percent of the world’s oil reserves were discovered in a region surrounded by religious political and religious divisions.
And so it was very natural that the world superpowers took great interest in the entire region and that was the time when Britain, America and the Soviet Union entered the Middle East as proxy players –
The Middle East has exploded
At the same time, the British did something in the Middle East that would start an endless war in the entire region. Briton created a Jewish state in Palestine, where thousands of Jews from Germany began to settle. In 1947, the United Nations divided Palestine into two parts, on the one hand, the Jewish state was created, which was given 62 percent of the area despite having half the population from Palestine, and on the other hand, despite having a double population, only 38 percent of the land was given to the Palestinians. Due to its importance, Jerusalem was placed under international administration.
A year after the plan was proposed, Burton left here and Israel declared independence, and then the conflict began which is still killing thousands of innocent people – despite declaring independence, an Arab country accepted it. Did not and in 1948 several billion states attacked Israel, but Israel won this battle and as a result, Israel occupied not only the Jews but also 60 percent of the Arab area. About seven million Palestinian Arabs left their country and went to Lebanon. And this one migration changed the demographics of the whole of Lebanon because now the Muslims were in the majority there and this change went on to become the cause of a huge civil war in Lebanon from 1975 to 1990-
On the other hand, Jews were constantly coming from all over the world to settle in Israel, and now there were fewer Muslims and more Jews in this entire area of Palestine. A few years after this partition, in 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser became the president of Egypt. It was a dream of Nasser. That all the Arab countries should unite and become one billion countries and thus they will be able to defeat every enemy of the Arab world from Israel.
But not only was he against Israel and America, but he was also very against Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, because in his eyes these two countries were getting closer to America, the enemy of Muslims. In 1956, Nasser closed the Swiss Canal, which resulted in France Britton and Israel attacked Egypt together, but Egypt won this battle and Abdul Nasser was discussed everywhere in the Arab world and influenced by it, in 1962, a conflict between the Arab nationals and the Yemeni government in Yemen. Civil War begins –
Entry of proxy players into the Middle East boom
And this was the war in which the proxy players entered for the first time. This civil war was a signal of danger for family-controlled countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Jordan, because tomorrow the same ideology could also come to their countries. The government could be in danger, so all these countries together with the United States supported the Yemeni government against the nationalists, while on the other hand, Abdel Nasser started supporting the nationalists with Egyptian troops and weapons. Egypt is now engaged in this proxy war. In 1967, Israel attacked Egypt and occupied the Gaza Strip in response to Egypt, and in return, Egypt once again closed the Swiss Canal, which remained closed to any traffic for the next eight years. was appointed and died of a heart attack in 1970 at the age of just 52-
This was the year when Britton announced that he was now making the Persian Gulf and Middle Eastern countries independent, and then the following year, the UAE and the rest of the Persian Gulf countries became independent. I started taking interest-
Middle does not have a rising superpower in his lap
The United States was now a rising superpower and it was very important to be in a region where 50 percent of the world’s oil supply was dependent. Israel won, Egypt recognized Israel, the Egyptian president was impeached for this reason –
In the same way, a very intense civil wash started between the Palestinians and the locals in Lebanon, which lasted until 1990. On the one hand, all this fighting was going on in the Middle East, and on the other hand, at the same time, a huge revolution had taken place in Iran.
Iran’s Revolution
In 1979, Ruhollah Khamenei overthrew the government of the Shah of Iran and took control of Iran. After 1979, Iran was completely transformed. Iran was now a strict Shia Islamic regime and he wanted to transfer this ideology to the rest of the countries. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain. And for the Sunni rulers of Iraq, it was obviously a great danger and this was the time when Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq. Saddam was a Sunni Muslim and he was afraid that the ideology of the Iranian Revolution would not reach Iraq. And if that happens, Iraq will be out of his hands.
Most of Iraq’s oil reserves were in Shia majority areas. To end this revolution, Saddam Hussein attacked Iran in 1980 and this war continued for almost eight years. America, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait continued to heavily fund Saddam Hussein, but still Eight years later, in 1988, the Iran-Iraq war ended with no results. The war had caused so much economic damage to Iraq that Saddam Hussein requested Kuwait to forgive a $65 billion loan he had owed to Iraq. was given to fight against Iran, but Kuwait refused. Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait in return and took control of all Kuwait’s oil resources.
Saddam Hussein was now the owner of 25 percent of the world’s oil reserves. After that, Saddam brought the Iraqi army to the border of Saudi Arabia. About 50 percent of the oil supply was to go under the control of a man, Saudi Arabia and the world power, obviously, how could they afford it? set free –
An important player in the Middle East
The United States has become a very important player in Operation Gulf and the Middle East. The United States has now started building its military bases in the entire region, and now the fifth largest American fleet is in Bahrain, as well as a large American air base in Qatar. There is a base which is called the Saint Nation and from here the USA keeps its eyes on the Middle East and Central Asia and then there is the missile defense system of the United States installed in the UAE. It is a big country, so if you come to the eastern side of the Middle East, there the United States, Arabs and Iran are in front of the peace. Now the ice has melted between Iran and Saudi Arabia and the talks have also started, but still it is a long way to go. On the eastern side, a great civil war is going on in Yemen, in which Saudi Arabia and Iran are involved, and from Iran to the United States and even Russia. Likewise, Syria is already the center of a proxy war. The point has become where Russia, Iran, America, Saudi Arabia and even the UAE have also entered with their military. Talking about Iraq, after Saddam Hussein, Al-Qaeda and now ISIS have covered this vacuum in Turkey and Syria as well. At any time, a war could break out over the Kurdish rebels, so all in the Middle East and its root cause is the partition of the borders made a year ago, in which the differences between human beings are not taken into account at all. And if care is taken, then only for their own benefit
